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By using this article, you agree to the following terms...
1) You may use
this article in your own programs (and may compile it into a program and distribute it in compiled format for languages that allow it) freely and with no charge.
2) You MAY NOT redistribute this article (for example to a web site) without written permission from the original author. Failure to do so is a violation of copyright laws.
3) You may link to this article from another website, but ONLY if it is not wrapped in a frame.
4) You will abide by any additional copyright restrictions which the author may have placed in the article or article's description. | C The worlds most popular language is still the toppest
language when it comes to serious programming whether in web based(cgi) or in
case of stand alone client applications or operating systems only a detailed
understanding of c will help us to know the reason of the success of this
language so lets go through it
The 'C' language was developed at the AT&T Bell Laboratories, USA by Dennis
Ritchie in 1972 on a DEC PDP-II machine. This language is derived from an another
language called B developed by Ken Thompson of Bell Laboratories in 1970 which
is devCGeloped from the language BCPL (Basic Combined Programming Language) developed
by Martin Richard of Cambridge University in 1967 which is derived from the language
CPL (Combined Programming Language) developed by Cambridge University and the
University of London in 1963 and it is developed from the lan-guage called ALGOL
(Algorithmic Language) developed by an International Commit-tee in the year 1960.
The 'C' Language was originally developed for programming under UNIX Operating
system, which was developed by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie. After develop-ing
'C' almost 90% of UNIX operating system is rewritten in C from assembly lan-guage.
Therefore UNIX and C have a close relationship.
'C' gives the programmer what he wants, i.e., few restrictions, block structures,
standard functions, a compact set of keywords and rich set of data structures.
For many years 'C' has no standard. i.e. Every manufacture developed their style
of 'C' compilers. In 1983 the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) established
a committee named X3J11 created a standard for the 'C' language. The standard
includes the character-set, keywords, compiler environment and the function library
etc.
C is a structured language, which uses the compartmentalisation; i.e. A program
is broken into different modules, each of which is used for a single specific
task. This is supported in 'C' by the use of functions. Basically a 'C' program
is a collection of one or more functions.
'C' language also supports the programming structures like sequence, selection
and iteration/looping. However the goto statements are not encouraged in structured
programming, 'C' supports it too.
Even though 'C' is a high level language it is often called a middle-level language
because it combines the elements of high level language, like structured program-ming,
modular programming etc. with the functionalism of the assembly language like
direct manipulation of bits, bytes, memory addressees with the help of pointers.
'C' is a flexible, general-purpose language. i.e. The capability of manipulating
bits, bytes, memory address makes it well suited for systems programming and the
high-level components makes it suitable for application packages. 'C' is used
for writing operating systems like UNIX and MS-DOS and the compilers and interpreters
for BASIC, FORTRAN, Pascal, LISP, LOGO etc. Popular application packages like
dBase, Lotus 1-2-3 and CLIPPER are also written in 'C'.
'C' language is machine independent and it is a highly portable language. Portable
means that 'C' programs written for one computer/operating system can be run on
another with little or no modification. All high-level languages are portable.
'C' is considered to be highly portable because the machine dependent parts in
'C' com-pilers are written in 'C'.
Turbo C compiler is an integrated package. It includes an editor, compiler, linker
and loader. Every 'C' program file is identified using the ‘.C’ extension.
The source code written using the editor is first passed through the C pre-processor.
The pre-processor is a program that modifies the source code according to directives
sup-plied in the program. The Pre-processor Directives begin with the # symbol.
They must start in the first column and they are usually placed at the beginning
of a pro-gram. The pre-processor expands the directives and it’s output,
the expanded source code is fed to the 'C' compiler. The compiler translates the
source code into the assembly language. The system assembler produces the object
code (.obj). This object code has to be linked with support routines from the
'C' run-time library to obtain the final executable code (.exe). The systems loader
can run the executable code.
'C' Language has no input/output operations. The compiler compiles a language
of functions, all input and output is done with functions. Because of this feature,
a standard library gives 'C' its most endearing feature is portability.
Every function must be defined before it can be used in the program. Every function
definition has two parts, a function header and a body that follows it. The header
defines the function’s name and the arguments. The headers of the library
functions are stored in header files with extension .h. So these must be included
before the library functions are used in a 'C' program.
Using the Turbo C Compiler
Type tc at the DOS prompt and press ENTER key. The Turbo C integrated environ-ment
displays on the screen. You can use the menu options like save, open, create a
new file etc. from the main menu strip which is at the top most line of the screen.
After typing the program you can save it by pressing the F2 key or File?Save com-mand.
If necessary give the filename. To execute the program press Ctrl+F9 key combination.
The progress window on the screen will show each phase in the crea-tion of the
executable file. If there are no errors, the screen will be cleared and the program
will start running. After the program is executed, you will get back to the Turbo
C environment automatically. You can view the user screen by pressing the Alt+F5
key combination. To return to the Turbo C environment strike any key.
If there are any errors in the program, the messages along with the line numbers
will be displayed in a separate message window at the bottom of the screen. Pressing
the F6 key can make corrections, which place the cursor in the Edit window. After
making corrections save it again and run.
You can activate the main menu by pressing the F10 key and then use the arrow
keys. You can quit the Turbo C integrated environment by pressing Alt+X key com-bination. | |  Download article
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Terms of Agreement:
By using this article, you agree to the following terms...
1) You may use
this article in your own programs (and may compile it into a program and distribute it in compiled format for languages that allow it) freely and with no charge.
2) You MAY NOT redistribute this article (for example to a web site) without written permission from the original author. Failure to do so is a violation of copyright laws.
3) You may link to this article from another website, but ONLY if it is not wrapped in a frame.
4) You will abide by any additional copyright restrictions which the author may have placed in the article or article's description. |
Other 6 submission(s) by this author
| | | | | Report Bad Submission | | | | | Your Vote! | |
See Voting Log | | | | Other User Comments | 12/22/2003 3:19:28 AM:- Snake -
Good Tutorial. But Shouldn't it have
more formatting. It looks so wierd to
read it all in plain text.
GOOD WORK
| 12/23/2003 7:30:38 PM:stephen antony
Thanks my Dear friend only comments
like this make me write more and more
articles and publish my source codes on
this site thanks my dear friend okay i
will take your suggestions
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